In the 7th century, the Byzantine Empire experienced a time of severe crisis. The devastating war against the Persians, the Slavic migrations in the Balkans, and the Arab invasions led to the collapse of classical urban life in most Byzantine cities and the loss of significant parts of the empire. This period, which also saw the rise of Iconoclasm, is commonly referred to as the Byzantine Dark Age.

However, the Byzantine Empire managed to recover from near collapse. Beginning in the late 8th century and lasting until 1204, the Middle Byzantine period marked a significant resurgence, characterized by the recovery of Byzantine strength following internal religious conflicts and external invasions, as well as the flourishing of its political, cultural, and economic power.

The period is often seen as starting with the end of the first phase of the Iconoclastic Controversy in 787 and the full restoration of icons in 843. The end of this religious turmoil allowed for a revival of religious art and a blossoming of Byzantine culture. Iconography, mosaics, and church architecture reached new heights during this time, reflecting the restored unity between the Church and state.

Under the Macedonian dynasty (867–1056), the empire enjoyed a golden age of expansion and cultural revival. Military leaders like Basil I and Basil II oversaw successful campaigns that extended Byzantine influence into the Balkans, southern Italy, and parts of the Middle East. Byzantine diplomacy and strategic marriages also helped maintain the empire’s dominance.

Economically, Byzantium thrived due to its control of trade routes between Europe and Asia, particularly benefiting from the wealth that passed through Constantinople. This prosperity funded the construction of grand religious buildings and supported the development of urban life.

Despite its many achievements, the Middle Byzantine period faced significant challenges, particularly from the rise of new powers like the Seljuk Turks in the east and the Normans in the west. Nevertheless, it remains a time of cultural and political revitalization, leaving a profound and lasting impact on the medieval Mediterranean and the Orthodox Christian world. Although the empire’s resources were more limited than in the Early Byzantine period, the art and architecture of this era stand as remarkable testaments to the splendor and creativity that flourished during this time.

Let’s explore its marvels.