Byzantine architecture evolved over centuries from the architecture of late antiquity. The architects of the Eastern Roman Empire gradually developed their distinct style, incorporating elements such as domes, pendentives, and elaborating new layouts to corresponding to the needs of their times. These innovations reached their pinnacle in monumental structures, especially at the beginning of the Byzantine era, while resources were often more stretched in the following centuries.

For many, Byzantine architecture primarily means church architecture. Indeed, religious buildings were a significant part of construction during that era, with the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople standing as the pinnacle of Byzantine architectural achievement. This magnificent structure, whith its huge dome, remained the largest church until the construction of the present St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome in the 16th century. Due to their religious significance, many churches have also survived despite the turbulent history. Nevertheless, the Byzantines built a variety of other structures, including fortifications, houses, palaces, hospitals, harbors, and bridges. The remnants of these buildings, where they exist, also attest to their architectural prowess. But most of the civil buildings have not endured and our perception of Byzantine architecture remains influenced by the monuments that have survived to this day.

Discover the legacy of Byzantine architecture through iconic or less well-known monuments.